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WHO's Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality

Explore the international reference for drinking water safety standards from the WHO, covering inorganic chemicals, organic compounds, and disinfectants.

Introduction to WHO Guidelines

The World Health Organization (WHO)'s Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, established in Geneva in 1993, serve as a foundational international reference for setting drinking water standards and ensuring water safety globally. These guidelines provide a comprehensive framework for assessing the quality of drinking water, outlining health-based limits for various substances, from common inorganic elements to complex organic compounds and disinfection by-products.

Understanding and adhering to these guidelines is crucial for public health protection and for guiding water treatment professionals in designing effective purification processes. This document outlines the key parameters and their respective guidelines as per the 1993 publication.

For a broader perspective on drinking water quality, you may also find our article on Drinking Water Standards insightful.

Inorganic Substances in Drinking Water

The presence of inorganic elements and compounds in drinking water can originate from natural geological formations, agricultural runoff, or industrial discharges. The WHO guidelines set health-based limits to mitigate potential risks.

Element/SubstanceSymbol/FormulaNormally Found in Freshwater (Concentration)WHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
AluminiumAl0.2 mg/L (0.2 ppm)No guideline
AmmoniaNH₄< 0.2 mg/L (up to 0.3 mg/L in anaerobic waters)No guideline
AntimonySb< 4 µg/L (4 ppb)0.005 mg/L (5 ppb)
ArsenicAs0.01 mg/L (10 ppb)0.01 mg/L (10 ppb)
AsbestosNo guideline
BariumBa0.3 mg/L (0.3 ppm)0.7 mg/L (0.7 ppm)
BerylliumBe< 1 µg/L (1 ppb)No guideline
BoronB< 1 mg/L (1 ppm)0.3 mg/L (0.3 ppm)
CadmiumCd< 1 µg/L (1 ppb)0.003 mg/L (3 ppb)
ChlorideCl250 mg/L (250 ppm)250 mg/L (250 ppm)
ChromiumCr³⁺, Cr⁶⁺< 2 µg/L (2 ppb)0.05 mg/L (50 ppb)
ColourNot mentionedNo guideline
CopperCu2 mg/L (2 ppm)2 mg/L (2 ppm)
CyanideCN⁻0.07 mg/L (70 ppb)
Dissolved oxygenO₂No guideline
FluorideF< 1.5 mg/L (up to 10 mg/L)1.5 mg/L (1.5 ppm)
Hardnessmg/L CaCO₃No guideline
Hydrogen sulfideH₂SNo guideline
IronFe0.5 - 50 mg/L (0.5 - 50 ppm)No guideline
LeadPb0.01 mg/L (10 ppb)
ManganeseMn0.5 mg/L (0.5 ppm)0.05 mg/L (50 ppb)
MercuryHg< 0.5 µg/L (0.5 ppb)0.001 mg/L (1 ppb)
MolybdenumMo< 0.01 mg/L (10 ppb)0.07 mg/L (70 ppb)
NickelNi< 0.02 mg/L (20 ppb)0.02 mg/L (20 ppb)
Nitrate and nitriteNO₃, NO₂50 mg/L total nitrogen (50 ppm)50 mg/L total nitrogen (50 ppm)
TurbidityNot mentionedNo guideline
pHNo guideline
SeleniumSe< 0.01 mg/L (10 ppb)0.01 mg/L (10 ppb)
SilverAg5 – 50 µg/L (5 – 50 ppb)No guideline
SodiumNa< 20 mg/L (20 ppm)200 mg/L (200 ppm)
SulfateSO₄500 mg/L (500 ppm)500 mg/L (500 ppm)
Inorganic tinSnNo guideline
TDS (Total Dissolved Solids)No guideline
UraniumU1.4 mg/L (1.4 ppm)
ZincZn3 mg/L (3 ppm)3 mg/L (3 ppm)

Organic Compounds in Drinking Water

Organic compounds can enter drinking water sources from various anthropogenic activities, including industrial processes, agriculture, and urban runoff. The WHO guidelines provide limits for numerous organic contaminants.

Chlorinated Alkanes

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
Carbon tetrachlorideCCl₄2 µg/L (2 ppb)
DichloromethaneCH₂Cl₂20 µg/L (20 ppb)
1,1-DichloroethaneC₂H₄Cl₂No guideline
1,2-DichloroethaneClCH₂CH₂Cl30 µg/L (30 ppb)
1,1,1-TrichloroethaneCH₃CCl₃2000 µg/L (2000 ppb)

Chlorinated Ethenes

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
1,1-DichloroetheneC₂H₂Cl₂30 µg/L (30 ppb)
1,2-DichloroetheneC₂H₂Cl₂50 µg/L (50 ppb)
TrichloroetheneC₂HCl₃70 µg/L (70 ppb)
TetrachloroetheneC₂Cl₄40 µg/L (40 ppb)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
BenzeneC₆H₆10 µg/L (10 ppb)
TolueneC₇H₈700 µg/L (700 ppb)
XylenesC₈H₁₀500 µg/L (500 ppb)
EthylbenzeneC₈H₁₀300 µg/L (300 ppb)
StyreneC₈H₈20 µg/L (20 ppb)

Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
PAHsC₂H₃N₁O₅P₁₃ (?)0.7 µg/L (0.7 ppb)

Note: The formula provided for PAHs (C₂H₃N₁O₅P₁₃) is unusual as PAHs are typically hydrocarbons (only carbon and hydrogen). This guideline usually refers to a sum of specific PAHs.

Chlorinated Benzenes

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
Monochlorobenzene (MCB)C₆H₅Cl300 µg/L (300 ppb)
1,2-Dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB)C₆H₄Cl₂1000 µg/L (1000 ppb)
1,3-Dichlorobenzene (1,3-DCB)C₆H₄Cl₂No guideline
1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB)C₆H₄Cl₂300 µg/L (300 ppb)
Trichlorobenzenes (TCBs)C₆H₃Cl₃20 µg/L (20 ppb)

Miscellaneous Organic Constituents

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate (DEHA)C₂₂H₄₂O₄80 µg/L (80 ppb)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)C₂₄H₃₈O₄8 µg/L (8 ppb)
AcrylamideC₃H₅NO0.5 µg/L (0.5 ppb)
Epichlorohydrin (ECH)C₃H₅ClO0.4 µg/L (0.4 ppb)
Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD)C₄Cl₆0.6 µg/L (0.6 ppb)
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₈200 µg/L (200 ppb)
Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)N(CH₂COOH)₃200 µg/L (200 ppb)

Organotins

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
DialkyltinsR₂SnX₂No guideline
Tributyltin oxide (TBTO)C₂₄H₅₄OSn₂2 µg/L (2 ppb)

Pesticides in Drinking Water

Pesticides are widely used in agriculture and can contaminate water sources through runoff and leaching. The WHO sets guidelines for various pesticides due to their potential health impacts.

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
AlachlorC₁₄H₂₀ClNO₂20 µg/L (20 ppb)
AldicarbC₇H₁₄N₂O₄S10 µg/L (10 ppb)
Aldrin and dieldrinC₁₂H₈Cl₆ / C₁₂H₈Cl₆O0.03 µg/L (0.03 ppb)
AtrazineC₈H₁₄ClN₅2 µg/L (2 ppb)
BentazoneC₁₀H₁₂N₂O₃S30 µg/L (30 ppb)
CarbofuranC₁₂H₁₅NO₃5 µg/L (5 ppb)
ChlordaneC₁₀H₆Cl₈0.2 µg/L (0.2 ppb)
ChlorotoluronC₁₀H₁₃ClN₂O30 µg/L (30 ppb)
DDTC₁₄H₉Cl₅2 µg/L (2 ppb)
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropaneC₃H₅Br₂Cl1 µg/L (1 ppb)
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)C₈H₆Cl₂O₃30 µg/L (30 ppb)
1,2-DichloropropaneC₃H₆Cl₂No guideline
1,3-DichloropropaneC₃H₆Cl₂20 µg/L (20 ppb)
1,3-DichloropropeneCH₃CHClCH₂ClNo guideline
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)BrCH₂CH₂BrNo guideline
Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxideC₁₀H₅Cl₇ / C₁₀H₅Cl₇O0.03 µg/L (0.03 ppb)
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)C₁₀H₅Cl₇O1 µg/L (1 ppb)
IsoproturonC₁₂H₁₈N₂O9 µg/L (9 ppb)
LindaneC₆H₆Cl₆2 µg/L (2 ppb)
MCPAC₉H₉ClO₃2 µg/L (2 ppb)
Methoxychlor(C₆H₄OCH₃)₂CHCCl₃20 µg/L (20 ppb)
MetolachlorC₁₅H₂₂ClNO₂10 µg/L (10 ppb)
MolinateC₉H₁₇NOS6 µg/L (6 ppb)
PendimethalinC₁₃H₁₉O₄N₃20 µg/L (20 ppb)
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)C₆HCl₅O9 µg/L (9 ppb)
PermethrinC₂₁H₂₀Cl₂O₃20 µg/L (20 ppb)
PropanilC₉H₉Cl₂NO20 µg/L (20 ppb)
PyridateC₁₉H₂₃ClN₂O₂S100 µg/L (100 ppb)
SimazineC₇H₁₂ClN₅2 µg/L (2 ppb)
TrifluralinC₁₃H₁₆F₃N₃O₄20 µg/L (20 ppb)

Chlorophenoxy Herbicides (excluding 2,4-D and MCPA)

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
2,4-DBC₁₀H₁₀Cl₂O₃90 µg/L (90 ppb)
DichlorpropC₉H₈Cl₂O₃100 µg/L (100 ppb)
FenopropC₉H₇Cl₃O₃9 µg/L (9 ppb)
MCPBC₁₁H₁₃ClO₃No guideline
MecopropC₁₀H₁₁ClO₃10 µg/L (10 ppb)
2,4,5-TC₈H₅Cl₃O₃9 µg/L (9 ppb)

Disinfectants and Disinfection By-products

Disinfectants are essential for treating drinking water, but they can react with natural organic matter to form disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which may be harmful.

Disinfectants

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
ChloraminesNHₙCl(₃₋ₙ), where n = 0, 1 or 23 mg/L (3 ppm)
ChlorineCl₂5 mg/L (5 ppm)
Chlorine dioxideClO₂No guideline
IodineI₂No guideline

Disinfectant By-products

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
BromateBrO₃⁻25 µg/L (25 ppb)
ChlorateClO₃⁻No guideline
ChloriteClO₂⁻200 µg/L (200 ppb)
FormaldehydeHCHO900 µg/L (900 ppb)
MX (3-Chloro-4-dichloromethyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone)C₅H₃Cl₃O₃No guideline
Cyanogen chlorideClCN70 µg/L (70 ppb)
ChloropicrinCCl₃NO₂No guideline

Chlorophenols

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
2-Chlorophenol (2-CP)C₆H₅ClONo guideline
2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP)C₆H₄Cl₂ONo guideline
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP)C₆H₃Cl₃O200 µg/L (200 ppb)

Trihalomethanes

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
BromoformCHBr₃100 µg/L (100 ppb)
DibromochloromethaneCHBr₂Cl100 µg/L (100 ppb)
BromodichloromethaneCHBrCl₂60 µg/L (60 ppb)
ChloroformCHCl₃200 µg/L (200 ppb)

Chlorinated Acetic Acids

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
Monochloroacetic acidC₂H₃ClO₂No guideline
Dichloroacetic acidC₂H₂Cl₂O₂50 µg/L (50 ppb)
Trichloroacetic acidC₂HCl₃O₂100 µg/L (100 ppb)
Chloral hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde)CCl₃CH(OH)₂10 µg/L (10 ppb)
ChloroacetonesC₃H₅OClNo guideline

Halogenated Acetonitriles

SubstanceFormulaWHO Health-Based Guideline (Concentration)
DichloroacetonitrileC₂HCl₂N90 µg/L (90 ppb)
DibromoacetonitrileC₂HBr₂N100 µg/L (100 ppb)
BromochloroacetonitrileCHCl₂CNNo guideline
TrichloroacetonitrileC₂Cl₃N1 µg/L (1 ppb)

AquaChain Engineering Tip

When monitoring for compliance with WHO guidelines, prioritize sampling strategies based on the vulnerability of your water source and the specific treatment processes in place. For instance, if chlorination is used, implement a robust DBP monitoring plan, especially for trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, at various points in the distribution network to capture peak formation. Regular analytical checks using certified laboratories are non-negotiable for ensuring ongoing compliance and public safety.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What is the primary purpose of the WHO Drinking-Water Quality Guidelines? A: The guidelines serve as an international reference to promote and protect public health by establishing a scientific basis for national drinking water quality standards and risk management strategies.

Q: Are these guidelines legally binding for all countries? A: No, the WHO guidelines are not legally binding; they are recommendations that countries adapt into their national regulations based on local conditions, resources, and priorities.

Q: Why are there "No guideline" entries for some substances? A: "No guideline" entries typically indicate that, at the time of publication, there was either insufficient toxicological data to set a health-based value, or the substance was not considered a significant health concern at typical environmental concentrations.