Illustrated series
Water treatment principles, illustrated
The series is organized into seven sections. Every guide starts with a realistic system or site view, then moves through the governing mechanism, material and energy paths, key variables, and abnormal conditions. The imagery contains no fixed-language labels; the Chinese, English, Vietnamese and Arabic explanations switch with the site.
Membranes & separationHow does reverse osmosis remove salt?
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Membranes & separationWhat is the difference between UF, NF and RO?
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Membranes & separationWhy can hollow-fiber UF membranes be backwashed?
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Membranes & separationHow does an MBR separate sludge from water?
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Membranes & separationHow does EDI continuously produce high-purity water?
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Membranes & separationHow does electrodialysis drive ions in a chosen direction?
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Membranes & separationWhy does residual chlorine damage RO membranes?
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Membranes & separationHow can membrane fouling, scaling and damage be distinguished?
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Biological treatmentWhat is the difference between COD and BOD?
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Biological treatmentHow do microorganisms clean wastewater?
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Biological treatmentHow is ammonia converted step by step into nitrate?
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Biological treatmentWhy is denitrification needed to remove total nitrogen?
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Biological treatmentHow do microorganisms release and take up phosphorus?
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Biological treatmentWhat happens in the three zones of an A2O process?
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Biological treatmentHow does an SBR perform several stages in one tank?
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Biological treatmentWhy does sludge settle in a secondary clarifier, and why can it wash out?
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Physical & chemical treatmentHow does coagulation make fine colloids form flocs?
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Physical & chemical treatmentWhat do PAC and PAM each do during coagulation?
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Physical & chemical treatmentWhy is a larger settling tank not always better?
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Physical & chemical treatmentHow does dissolved-air flotation use microbubbles to remove contaminants?
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Physical & chemical treatmentHow does a sand filter capture particles and backwash itself?
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Physical & chemical treatmentHow does chemical precipitation remove heavy metals?
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Physical & chemical treatmentHow does ion-exchange resin soften water and regenerate?
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Physical & chemical treatmentWhy is a high-rate clarifier faster than a conventional clarifier?
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Disinfection, oxidation & micropollutantsHow does chlorine inactivate microorganisms in water?
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Disinfection, oxidation & micropollutantsWhy is sodium hypochlorite useful but demanding to handle?
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Disinfection, oxidation & micropollutantsHow does chlorine dioxide disinfection differ from chlorine?
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Disinfection, oxidation & micropollutantsHow does UV light damage microbial DNA?
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Disinfection, oxidation & micropollutantsWhy is ozone such a strong oxidant?
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Disinfection, oxidation & micropollutantsHow do advanced oxidation processes generate hydroxyl radicals?
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Disinfection, oxidation & micropollutantsHow does activated carbon adsorb odors and micropollutants?
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Disinfection, oxidation & micropollutantsWhy are PFAS called forever chemicals?
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Equipment cutawaysHow does a multistage centrifugal pump build pressure stage by stage?
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Equipment cutawaysWhat is inside an RO pressure vessel?
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Equipment cutawaysHow does an automatic control valve switch between filtration and backwash?
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Equipment cutawaysHow does a metering pump dose chemicals precisely?
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Equipment cutawaysHow do a Roots blower and diffusers transfer oxygen into water?
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Equipment cutawaysHow does a plate-and-frame filter press turn sludge into cake?
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Equipment cutawaysHow does a centrifuge use rotation to separate sludge and water?
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Equipment cutawaysHow does a desalination energy-recovery device work?
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Industrial water systemsWhy does a cooling tower make circulating water saltier?
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Industrial water systemsWhat do cycles of concentration mean in cooling water?
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Industrial water systemsWhy do scaling, corrosion and biofouling often occur together?
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Industrial water systemsWhy must boiler water be deaerated, softened and pH-controlled?
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Industrial water systemsHow do boiler blowdown control and condensate recovery save water and energy?
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Industrial water systemsWhy do ultrapure-water systems often combine UF, RO and EDI?
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Industrial water systemsWhere does a seawater desalination system use most of its energy?
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Industrial water systemsHow does a ZLD system progress from membrane concentration to crystallization?
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Operations & diagnosticsWhat do pressure, flow and conductivity reveal in an RO system?
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Operations & diagnosticsWhat does rising RO stage differential pressure usually mean?
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Operations & diagnosticsDoes high permeate conductivity always mean membrane damage?
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Operations & diagnosticsWhat do acid and caustic CIP cleaning remove?
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Operations & diagnosticsHow should DO, ORP, MLSS and SVI be interpreted together?
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Operations & diagnosticsHow can sludge bulking be distinguished from clarifier washout?
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Operations & diagnosticsHow does a variable-frequency drive reduce pump energy use?
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Operations & diagnostics