Centrifugal Pumps
29 models in this family. Representative models: 2CDX / 2CDXM, 3DS, 3D4 / 3DS4.
International brand dossier
Ebara is a Japanese pump group with pump manufacturing roots going back to 1912.In water-treatment projects it is relevant for transfer, pressure boosting, drainage, wastewater, and industrial fluid handling, especially where stainless construction, compact pump packages, and broad global manufacturing experience are useful.
Ebara Pumps's position in pumps and pumping equipment is defined by product families such as Centrifugal Pumps, In-line Centrifugal Pumps, Horizontal Multistage Centrifugal Pumps and Vertical Multistage Centrifugal Pump.
The portfolio is best understood inside raw water intake, RO/NF feed, transfer, boosting, chemical dosing, wastewater lift, and desalination hydraulics, where engineers compare the technology route, family boundaries, and duty fit before narrowing to individual models.Representative series on this page include 2CDX / 2CDXM, 3DS and 3D4 / 3DS4.Selection should focus on flow, head, efficiency, NPSH margin, wetted materials, seals, and drive arrangement.
49
Indexed models
12
Product families
0
Subgroups
Product range and selection
This section answers two questions: which main product families Ebara offers, and which parameters to compare before choosing a specific model.
The main families shown on this page are Centrifugal Pumps, In-line Centrifugal Pumps, Horizontal Multistage Centrifugal Pumps, and Vertical Multistage Centrifugal Pump. Start with the treatment objective, equipment format, and operating duty, then use the model index below to compare exact specifications.
After choosing a product family, compare flow and head, materials, efficiency, and duty cycle. Replacement projects should also verify installation or loading conditions, interfaces, and compatibility with the existing system; new projects should consider operating practice, maintenance, and spare-parts or consumables availability.
Showing 6 main families; all 12 appear in the model index below.
Centrifugal Pumps
29 models in this family. Representative models: 2CDX / 2CDXM, 3DS, 3D4 / 3DS4.
In-line Centrifugal Pumps
1 model in this family. Representative models: LPS.
Horizontal Multistage Centrifugal Pumps
2 models in this family. Representative models: Compact A /AM / B / BM, Matrix.
Vertical Multistage Centrifugal Pump
2 models in this family. Representative models: CVM A / AM / B / BM, EVM / EVMG / EVML / EVMS / EVMSL / EVMSL3 / EVMSL5 / EVMSL10 / EVMSL15 / EVMSL20 / EVMSG1 / EVMSG3 / EVMSG5 / EVMSG10 / EVMSG15 / EVMSG20.
Submersible Motors
1 model in this family. Representative models: 4WYM / 4WYT.
Oil Filled Submersible Pumps
3 models in this family. Representative models: 3OYM / 3OYT, 4OYM / 4OYT, 6OYM / 6OYT.
Quick Model Index
The table is intentionally compact: use it to scan model names, product families, and source links quickly. Open the profile cards below when you want richer context.
29 indexed models
| Model | Application | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| 2CDX / 2CDXM | The Ebara 2CDX / 2CDXM series are 50 Hz, 2-pole centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. | |
| 3DS | The Ebara 3DS is a three-phase centrifugal pump designed for clean water applications. It features an aluminum casing, AISI 304 or AISI 316 impellers. | |
| 3D4 / 3DS4 | The Ebara 3D Series comprises 4-pole centrifugal pumps designed for handling clean water with a maximum working pressure of 1 MPa. These pumps feature cast iron casings. | |
| 3M / 3S / 3LM / 3LMZ / 3LS / 3LSZ / 3LP / 3D / 3DP | The Ebara 3 SERIES consists of 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water and moderately aggressive fluids, available in various models such as 3M, 3S, and 3LP. | |
| 3DS / 3M4 / 3S4 / 3P4 / 3LM4 / 3LS4 / 3LP4 | Ebara's 3 Series centrifugal pumps are 4-pole, 50 Hz electric units designed for clean or moderately aggressive fluids. | |
| 3SF4 / 3LSF4 / 3PF4 / 3LPF4 | The Ebara 3SF4 / 3LSF4 / 3PF4 / 3LPF4 are centrifugal pumps designed for handling clean and moderately aggressive water. | |
| 3SF / 3PF | The Ebara 3SF / 3PF series are 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean and moderately aggressive fluids. | |
| AGA | The Ebara AGA is a closed centrifugal pump designed for clean water applications with a maximum suction depth of 8 meters. It features TEFC electric motors. | |
| AGA-AGC | Ebara centrifugal pumps, models AGA-AGC, are designed for clean water applications and operate at 50Hz. These pumps are available in single or three-phase configurations. | |
| CD / CDM | The Ebara CD Series are 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for handling clean water with a maximum working pressure of 0.8 MPa. These pumps feature a construction of EN 1. | |
| CDA | The Ebara CDA is a series of centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature a cast iron casing and twin closed impellers. | |
| CDX / CDXM | Ebara CDX/CDXM pumps are centrifugal units designed for clean water applications with two-pole motors operating at 50Hz. | |
| CMA / CMB / CMC / CMD | Ebara's CMA-B-C-D series are 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. | |
| CMR | Ebara CMR pumps are open centrifugal pumps designed for handling clean water. These models feature cast iron casings, brass impellers, and mechanical seals. | |
| ENR | The Ebara ENR is a centrifugal pump designed for handling clean water. It features cast iron construction for the casing and bracket, a closed impeller. | |
| DWC / DWO | The Ebara DWC Series are 50Hz centrifugal pumps designed for moderately aggressive fluids and industrial washing applications. | |
| JE / JEM | The Ebara JE series are 50 Hz, 2-pole centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature AISI 304 construction for casing and impeller. | |
| JES / JESM | The Ebara JES / JESM is a closed centrifugal pump designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature AISI 304 construction, PPO impellers. | |
| JESX / JESXM | The Ebara JESX series are 50 Hz, 2-pole centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature AISI 304 casings and PPE+PS impellers. | |
| JEX / JEXM | The Ebara JEX series includes 60Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications, with models like JEX 806 and JEX 1006 available in single-phase JEXM variants. | |
| LPC | Ebara LPC series are cast iron centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications on 50Hz, 2-pole operation. | |
| LPC4 | The Ebara LPC 4 is a four-pole, 50Hz centrifugal pump designed for clean water. It features cast iron construction, a mechanical seal with Carbon/SiC/EPDM. | |
| LPCD | The Ebara LPCD is a series of 2-pole, 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. | |
| LPCD4 | The Ebara LPCD 4 Poles series are 50 Hz centrifugal pumps for clean water with cast iron construction and stainless steel components. | |
| MD | The EBARA MD series are 2-pole, 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature cast iron casings, AISI 304 impellers. | |
| MMD | The Ebara MMD series is a line of 2-pole, 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications with a maximum working pressure of 1 MPa. | |
| MMD4 | The Ebara MMD 4 Poles series are centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications with 50 Hz operation. These pumps feature cast iron casings and impellers. | |
| Multigo | The Ebara Multigo is a series of 2-pole, 60 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water. It features a double mechanical seal, AISI 304 casing. | |
| PRA | The Ebara PRA series comprises 50Hz, 2-pole centrifugal pumps designed for clean water with peripheral turbine impellers. These pumps feature cast iron casings. |
1 indexed model
2 indexed models
| Model | Application | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| Compact A /AM / B / BM | The Ebara COMPACT series are multistage centrifugal pumps designed for 60 Hz operation with liquid temperatures from 5°C to 40°C. These pumps feature cast iron casings. | |
| Matrix | The Ebara MATRIX is a horizontal multistage pump designed for water, moderate aggressive solutions, and glycol solutions up to 85°C or 110°C depending on the version. |
2 indexed models
| Model | Application | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| CVM A / AM / B / BM | Ebara CVM series are 50 Hz multistage centrifugal pumps for clean water applications. These pumps feature an aluminum motor casing, cast iron suction and delivery casings. | |
| EVM / EVMG / EVML / EVMS / EVMSL / EVMSL3 / EVMSL5 / EVMSL10 / EVMSL15 / EVMSL20 / EVMSG1 / EVMSG3 / EVMSG5 / EVMSG10 / EVMSG15 / EVMSG20 | The Ebara EVM series comprises non-self-priming, vertical multistage centrifugal pumps designed for 50 Hz operation across a variety of industrial and building service... |
1 indexed model
3 indexed models
| Model | Application | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| 3OYM / 3OYT | PDF datasheet mirror for 3OYM / 3OYT (Ebara Pumps). | |
| 4OYM / 4OYT | The 4OYM / 4OYT are 4-inch oil-filled submersible motors designed for reliable operation. These motors feature stainless steel construction for the jacket and shaft. | |
| 6OYM / 6OYT | The 6OYT is a three-phase, 50Hz, oil-filled submersible motor designed for pumping applications, featuring Japanese Technology. |
5 indexed models
| Model | Application | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| 4BHS2 / 4BHS4 / 4BHS7 / 4BHS15 | The Ebara 4BHS series are 4-inch submersible multistage pumps designed for 50Hz operation, available with either oil-filled or water-filled motors. | |
| 4BHS/A | The Ebara 4BHS series is a submersible multistage pump designed for 4-inch deep wells, available in various models based on flow rate and number of impellers. | |
| 4WN1 / 4WN2 / 4WN3 / 4WN4 / 4WN5 / 4WN6 / 4WN8 / 4WN10 / 4WN12 / 4WN15 | The Ebara 4WN series comprises submersible multistage pumps designed for clean water applications with 50Hz operation. | |
| SB | The Ebara SB 3 is a 3" submersible multistage pump designed for clean water applications up to 30 °C. This pump features stainless steel and PPO construction. | |
| SF6 | The Ebara SF6 is a 50 Hz submersible multistage pump designed for clean water applications. |
1 indexed model
1 indexed model
2 indexed models
| Model | Application | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| DW / DW VOX / DWF / DW VOXF / DWFZ / DW VOXFZ | Ebara DW-DW VOX series submersible sewage pumps are designed for handling dirty and sewage water. These pumps feature a durable AISI 304 construction. | |
| Right | The Ebara RIGHT series are submersible sewage pumps designed for handling clean and dirty water. These pumps feature an AISI 304 casing and impeller. |
1 indexed model
Brand Technical Documents
These document pages collect product manuals, model notes, accessory documents, and application files for this brand in the current category. Open the PDF when original tables, diagrams, or full manuals are needed.
The Ebara 2CDX / 2CDXM series are 50 Hz, 2-pole centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications.
The Ebara 2GP(E) Matrix is an automatic booster set system designed for maintaining water supply pressure, featuring two or more pumps operating in parallel.
The Ebara 3D Series comprises 4-pole centrifugal pumps designed for handling clean water with a maximum working pressure of 1 MPa. These pumps feature cast iron casings.
The Ebara 3DS is a three-phase centrifugal pump designed for clean water applications. It features an aluminum casing, AISI 304 or AISI 316 impellers.
Ebara's 3 Series centrifugal pumps are 4-pole, 50 Hz electric units designed for clean or moderately aggressive fluids.
The Ebara 3 SERIES consists of 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water and moderately aggressive fluids, available in various models such as 3M, 3S, and 3LP.
PDF datasheet mirror for 3OYM / 3OYT (Ebara Pumps).
The Ebara 3SF / 3PF series are 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean and moderately aggressive fluids.
The Ebara 3SF4 / 3LSF4 / 3PF4 / 3LPF4 are centrifugal pumps designed for handling clean and moderately aggressive water.
Ebara D Series submersible pumps are suitable for dirty water, foreign matter, and sewage applications.
The Ebara 4BHS series is a submersible multistage pump designed for 4-inch deep wells, available in various models based on flow rate and number of impellers.
The Ebara 4BHS series are 4-inch submersible multistage pumps designed for 50Hz operation, available with either oil-filled or water-filled motors.
The 4OYM / 4OYT are 4-inch oil-filled submersible motors designed for reliable operation. These motors feature stainless steel construction for the jacket and shaft.
The Ebara 4WN series comprises submersible multistage pumps designed for clean water applications with 50Hz operation.
The Ebara 4WY Series offers 4-inch water-filled submersible motors with an AISI 304 external jacket and extractable connection cable.
The Ebara 6BHE and 8BHE are submersible deepwell pumps designed for clean water applications.
The 6OYT is a three-phase, 50Hz, oil-filled submersible motor designed for pumping applications, featuring Japanese Technology.
The Ebara AGA is a closed centrifugal pump designed for clean water applications with a maximum suction depth of 8 meters. It features TEFC electric motors.
Ebara centrifugal pumps, models AGA-AGC, are designed for clean water applications and operate at 50Hz. These pumps are available in single or three-phase configurations.
The Ebara CD Series are 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for handling clean water with a maximum working pressure of 0.8 MPa. These pumps feature a construction of EN 1.
The Ebara CDA is a series of centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature a cast iron casing and twin closed impellers.
Ebara CDX/CDXM pumps are centrifugal units designed for clean water applications with two-pole motors operating at 50Hz.
Ebara's CMA-B-C-D series are 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications.
Ebara CMR pumps are open centrifugal pumps designed for handling clean water. These models feature cast iron casings, brass impellers, and mechanical seals.
The Ebara COMPACT series are multistage centrifugal pumps designed for 60 Hz operation with liquid temperatures from 5°C to 40°C. These pumps feature cast iron casings.
Ebara CVM series are 50 Hz multistage centrifugal pumps for clean water applications. These pumps feature an aluminum motor casing, cast iron suction and delivery casings.
Ebara DW-DW VOX series submersible sewage pumps are designed for handling dirty and sewage water. These pumps feature a durable AISI 304 construction.
The Ebara DWC Series are 50Hz centrifugal pumps designed for moderately aggressive fluids and industrial washing applications.
The Ebara ENR is a centrifugal pump designed for handling clean water. It features cast iron construction for the casing and bracket, a closed impeller.
The Ebara EVM series comprises non-self-priming, vertical multistage centrifugal pumps designed for 50 Hz operation across a variety of industrial and building service...
The Ebara GS 2 is a one-stage horizontal centrifugal pump designed for various industrial, building service, and water supply applications.
The Ebara JE series are 50 Hz, 2-pole centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature AISI 304 construction for casing and impeller.
The Ebara JES / JESM is a closed centrifugal pump designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature AISI 304 construction, PPO impellers.
The Ebara JESX series are 50 Hz, 2-pole centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature AISI 304 casings and PPE+PS impellers.
The Ebara JEX series includes 60Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications, with models like JEX 806 and JEX 1006 available in single-phase JEXM variants.
Ebara LPC series are cast iron centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications on 50Hz, 2-pole operation.
The Ebara LPC 4 is a four-pole, 50Hz centrifugal pump designed for clean water. It features cast iron construction, a mechanical seal with Carbon/SiC/EPDM.
The Ebara LPCD is a series of 2-pole, 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications.
The Ebara LPCD 4 Poles series are 50 Hz centrifugal pumps for clean water with cast iron construction and stainless steel components.
The Ebara LPS is an in-line centrifugal pump designed for clean water applications. Constructed with AISI 304 stainless steel and featuring sealed ball bearings.
The Ebara MATRIX is a horizontal multistage pump designed for water, moderate aggressive solutions, and glycol solutions up to 85°C or 110°C depending on the version.
The EBARA MD series are 2-pole, 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature cast iron casings, AISI 304 impellers.
The Ebara MMD series is a line of 2-pole, 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications with a maximum working pressure of 1 MPa.
The Ebara MMD 4 Poles series are centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications with 50 Hz operation. These pumps feature cast iron casings and impellers.
The Ebara Multigo is a series of 2-pole, 60 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water. It features a double mechanical seal, AISI 304 casing.
The Ebara PRA series comprises 50Hz, 2-pole centrifugal pumps designed for clean water with peripheral turbine impellers. These pumps feature cast iron casings.
The Ebara RIGHT series are submersible sewage pumps designed for handling clean and dirty water. These pumps feature an AISI 304 casing and impeller.
The Ebara SB 3 is a 3" submersible multistage pump designed for clean water applications up to 30 °C. This pump features stainless steel and PPO construction.
The Ebara SF6 is a 50 Hz submersible multistage pump designed for clean water applications.
AI-ready Product Profiles
These cards are designed as reusable product profiles: the same format can later appear in AI search results, shortlist views, and assisted product matching.
29 profile cards
Product profile
The Ebara 2CDX / 2CDXM series are 50 Hz, 2-pole centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications.
Product profile
The Ebara 3DS is a three-phase centrifugal pump designed for clean water applications. It features an aluminum casing, AISI 304 or AISI 316 impellers.
Product profile
The Ebara 3D Series comprises 4-pole centrifugal pumps designed for handling clean water with a maximum working pressure of 1 MPa. These pumps feature cast iron casings.
Product profile
The Ebara 3 SERIES consists of 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water and moderately aggressive fluids, available in various models such as 3M, 3S, and 3LP.
Product profile
Ebara's 3 Series centrifugal pumps are 4-pole, 50 Hz electric units designed for clean or moderately aggressive fluids.
Product profile
The Ebara 3SF4 / 3LSF4 / 3PF4 / 3LPF4 are centrifugal pumps designed for handling clean and moderately aggressive water.
Product profile
The Ebara 3SF / 3PF series are 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean and moderately aggressive fluids.
Product profile
The Ebara AGA is a closed centrifugal pump designed for clean water applications with a maximum suction depth of 8 meters. It features TEFC electric motors.
Product profile
Ebara centrifugal pumps, models AGA-AGC, are designed for clean water applications and operate at 50Hz. These pumps are available in single or three-phase configurations.
Product profile
The Ebara CD Series are 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for handling clean water with a maximum working pressure of 0.8 MPa. These pumps feature a construction of EN 1.
Product profile
The Ebara CDA is a series of centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature a cast iron casing and twin closed impellers.
Product profile
Ebara CDX/CDXM pumps are centrifugal units designed for clean water applications with two-pole motors operating at 50Hz.
Product profile
Ebara's CMA-B-C-D series are 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications.
Product profile
Ebara CMR pumps are open centrifugal pumps designed for handling clean water. These models feature cast iron casings, brass impellers, and mechanical seals.
Product profile
The Ebara ENR is a centrifugal pump designed for handling clean water. It features cast iron construction for the casing and bracket, a closed impeller.
Product profile
The Ebara DWC Series are 50Hz centrifugal pumps designed for moderately aggressive fluids and industrial washing applications.
Product profile
The Ebara JE series are 50 Hz, 2-pole centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature AISI 304 construction for casing and impeller.
Product profile
The Ebara JES / JESM is a closed centrifugal pump designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature AISI 304 construction, PPO impellers.
Product profile
The Ebara JESX series are 50 Hz, 2-pole centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature AISI 304 casings and PPE+PS impellers.
Product profile
The Ebara JEX series includes 60Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications, with models like JEX 806 and JEX 1006 available in single-phase JEXM variants.
Product profile
Ebara LPC series are cast iron centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications on 50Hz, 2-pole operation.
Product profile
The Ebara LPC 4 is a four-pole, 50Hz centrifugal pump designed for clean water. It features cast iron construction, a mechanical seal with Carbon/SiC/EPDM.
Product profile
The Ebara LPCD is a series of 2-pole, 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications.
Product profile
The Ebara LPCD 4 Poles series are 50 Hz centrifugal pumps for clean water with cast iron construction and stainless steel components.
Product profile
The EBARA MD series are 2-pole, 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications. These pumps feature cast iron casings, AISI 304 impellers.
Product profile
The Ebara MMD series is a line of 2-pole, 50 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications with a maximum working pressure of 1 MPa.
Product profile
The Ebara MMD 4 Poles series are centrifugal pumps designed for clean water applications with 50 Hz operation. These pumps feature cast iron casings and impellers.
Product profile
The Ebara Multigo is a series of 2-pole, 60 Hz centrifugal pumps designed for clean water. It features a double mechanical seal, AISI 304 casing.
Product profile
The Ebara PRA series comprises 50Hz, 2-pole centrifugal pumps designed for clean water with peripheral turbine impellers. These pumps feature cast iron casings.
1 profile card
Product profile
The Ebara LPS is an in-line centrifugal pump designed for clean water applications. Constructed with AISI 304 stainless steel and featuring sealed ball bearings.
2 profile cards
Product profile
The Ebara COMPACT series are multistage centrifugal pumps designed for 60 Hz operation with liquid temperatures from 5°C to 40°C. These pumps feature cast iron casings.
Product profile
The Ebara MATRIX is a horizontal multistage pump designed for water, moderate aggressive solutions, and glycol solutions up to 85°C or 110°C depending on the version.
2 profile cards
Product profile
Ebara CVM series are 50 Hz multistage centrifugal pumps for clean water applications. These pumps feature an aluminum motor casing, cast iron suction and delivery casings.
Product profile
The Ebara EVM series comprises non-self-priming, vertical multistage centrifugal pumps designed for 50 Hz operation across a variety of industrial and building service...
1 profile card
Product profile
The Ebara 4WY Series offers 4-inch water-filled submersible motors with an AISI 304 external jacket and extractable connection cable.
3 profile cards
Product profile
PDF datasheet mirror for 3OYM / 3OYT (Ebara Pumps).
Product profile
The 4OYM / 4OYT are 4-inch oil-filled submersible motors designed for reliable operation. These motors feature stainless steel construction for the jacket and shaft.
Product profile
The 6OYT is a three-phase, 50Hz, oil-filled submersible motor designed for pumping applications, featuring Japanese Technology.
5 profile cards
Product profile
The Ebara 4BHS series are 4-inch submersible multistage pumps designed for 50Hz operation, available with either oil-filled or water-filled motors.
Product profile
The Ebara 4BHS series is a submersible multistage pump designed for 4-inch deep wells, available in various models based on flow rate and number of impellers.
Product profile
The Ebara 4WN series comprises submersible multistage pumps designed for clean water applications with 50Hz operation.
Product profile
The Ebara SB 3 is a 3" submersible multistage pump designed for clean water applications up to 30 °C. This pump features stainless steel and PPO construction.
Product profile
The Ebara SF6 is a 50 Hz submersible multistage pump designed for clean water applications.
1 profile card
Product profile
The Ebara 6BHE and 8BHE are submersible deepwell pumps designed for clean water applications.
1 profile card
Product profile
Ebara D Series submersible pumps are suitable for dirty water, foreign matter, and sewage applications.
2 profile cards
Product profile
Ebara DW-DW VOX series submersible sewage pumps are designed for handling dirty and sewage water. These pumps feature a durable AISI 304 construction.
Product profile
The Ebara RIGHT series are submersible sewage pumps designed for handling clean and dirty water. These pumps feature an AISI 304 casing and impeller.
1 profile card
Product profile
The Ebara GS 2 is a one-stage horizontal centrifugal pump designed for various industrial, building service, and water supply applications.
1 profile card
Product profile
The Ebara 2GP(E) Matrix is an automatic booster set system designed for maintaining water supply pressure, featuring two or more pumps operating in parallel.